Nevertheless, undigestible water-soluble compounds containing glycerol and citric acid units were identified, indicating that the ester bond between citric acid and glycerol is not fully hydrolyzed throughout the proposed digestion. Mono- and diglycerides are absorbed into the intestinal cells. Overall, it was shown that fat digestion is not significantly changed by the presence of CITREM, and fatty acids contained in CITREM compounds are released to a large extent by lipases. Theyre usually vegan, but sometimes not, and theres nothing compelling. A two-step in vitro digestion model mimicking lipolysis in the stomach and upper small intestine of term and preterm infants was then used to evaluate the digestibility of CITREM alone, CITREM-containing infant formula and fat emulsions, and isolated GCFE fractions. Mono and diglycerides are forms of glycerol attached to a fatty acid bond. It was shown here that fatty acids are released from CITREM by gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic-lipase-related protein 2 and carboxyl ester hydrolase. Mono and diglycerides are the most common emulsifier used for bakery applications because of their many functional benefits: Improved volumes in cakes, breads. Sodium caseinate and whey protein concentrate 80 were provided by Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company Ltd. They are known to improve dough gas retention which contributes to improved bread volume and crumb softness. They are thought to reduce the average gas bubble size in bread doughs which leads to a finer cell structure. It is generally recognized as safe but no publication on its digestibility under gastrointestinal conditions and impact on fat digestion was available. Saturated mono- and diglycerides, Grindsted Mono-Di HP 40 and Dimodan HP, were donated by Danisco New Zealand while unsaturated mono- and diglycerides, Radiasurf 7148 and Radiamuls MG 2905K, were a gift from Oleon Malaysia. Diacetylated tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids (DATA esters, DATEM). CITREM is an emulsifier used in the food industry and contains citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (GCFE). mono and diglycerides of fatty acids mono diglyceride e471 distilled monoglyceride 95 distilled monoglyceride 95.